They are tiny sand colored the female is blood- feeding that breed in forest areas, caves and burrows in tropical and subtropical regions (Markle and Makhoul 2004). According to Marovt et al. this antibody and the number of sores. Th-2 predominates during the early stage of the disease then shifts to Th-1 that proceed in the late stage, but both cytokines increased in CL patients in comparison to control group. The immune response of CL infection is possibly regulated by both Th-1 and Th-2. Multiple sores patients showed an increase of anti leishmanial IgE (0.120??0.014), total IgE (120.7??39.58?IU/ml), IFN- (87.4??30.52?pg/ml) and IL-4 (63.70??20.32?pg/ml) levels than single sore patients with mean value of 0.108??0.14, 92.3??35.23?IU/ml, 47.2??27.80?pg/ml and 51.04??15.0?pg/ml respectively. It can be presented also as ratio PI-1840 of INF-/IL-4?=?1.37 which is greater than those for single sore 0.9. These results indicated that the immune response of multiple sores patients is higher than that with single sores. (Sharma and Singh 2009). infection is transmitted to susceptible mammalian hosts by the bite of a female sand fly (subfamily Phlebotominae), most sand flies typically bite at dusk, but certain vector species in parts of South America preferentially feed during daylight hours instead (Bailey and Lockwood 2007). There are over 20 species and subspecies of the genus that infect humans via the bite of sand flies. Sand flies of the species serve as the vector in the New World, while the species transmit infection in the Old World. They are tiny sand colored the female is blood- feeding that breed in forest areas, caves and burrows in tropical and subtropical regions (Markle and Makhoul 2004). According to Marovt et al. (2010) the disease is PI-1840 endemic in 88 countries, 21 are in the new world and 67 are in the old world. One of the most common forms of the disease is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) that occurs most commonly (over 90?%) in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Peru and Brazil. CL is a risk for persons, including military personnel, who travel to or live in areas of the tropics, subtropics, and Southern Europe where the disease is endemic, as in the viserotropic syndrome caused by that was identified among a number of American military personnel especially during the aggression on Iraq in 1991 (Herwaldt 1999). In Iraq, two species are present: spp., which are maintained in cycles between wild animals and sand flies. and possibly other species can be maintained in dogs, increasing the risk of transmission to people. Other domesticated animals might be involved as secondary maintenance hosts. and are adapted to humans, but animals can also be infected occasionally (WHO 2010). Interest has been shown in the study of immune mechanisms defense against various parasite infections (Roitt et al. 1998). Among these parasites is infection is cell mediated. The organism lies exclusively intracellular, mainly inside macrophages as replicating amastigote. The outcome of infection will depend on whether the KAL2 host mounts primarily a T-helper Th-1 or Th-2 response (Heinzel et al. 1989). Studies in animals suggest that the same parasite epitope can induce a Th-1 response in animals with resolving infection or a Th-2 response in others with disease progression (Reed and Scott 1993). The interplay between the host determined delayed type hypersensitivity, antigen-specific T cell reactivity, and cytokine secretion, and the type and virulence of the particular infecting species determine what type of disease expression develops in the host. Some cases are believed to harbor organisms for indefinite periods before the disease is definitely indicated, suggesting latent illness (Dereure and Duong-Thanhb 2003). Parasites have also been recognized in lymph nodes after medical treatment (Sundar et al. 2002). The serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and anti leishmanial IgE antibodies have been recorded in visceral leishmaniasis (Atta et al. 1998). IgE antibodies are produced in the Th-2 immune response and have been used in serodiagnosis and also as signals of the disease activity in toxoplasmosis, cerebral malaria, and visceral leishmaniasis. (Wong et al. 1993; Perlmann et al. 1994; Atta et al. 1998). Cutaneous forms of the.They were diagnosed depending on the clinical picture and laboratory analysis (smears and cultures). They are also classified according to the period of infection newly 2?months and 2?weeks as mentioned elsewhere: Sixty individuals with solitary sore (one lesion). Thirty-five individuals with multiple sores (two-10 lesions). Group two atopic individuals This group included (10) individuals suffering from allergy and rhinitis, (six males and four females), age range (6C30) years. Group three healthy settings This group included (30) healthy individuals, age range (6C60) years, (18 males and 12 females) The following information was taken from each individual listed in questionnaire sheet (portion of aspirated): Name, sex, age, address, allergy, quantity of lesions, duration of lesions, and family history for atopic patients. Blood samples collection Five ml of venous blood was collected from each individual. the number of sores. Th-2 predominates during the early stage of the disease then shifts to Th-1 that continue in the late stage, but both cytokines improved in CL individuals in comparison to control group. The immune response of CL illness is definitely possibly controlled by both Th-1 and Th-2. Multiple sores individuals showed an increase of anti leishmanial IgE (0.120??0.014), total IgE (120.7??39.58?IU/ml), IFN- (87.4??30.52?pg/ml) and IL-4 (63.70??20.32?pg/ml) levels than solitary sore individuals with mean value of 0.108??0.14, 92.3??35.23?IU/ml, 47.2??27.80?pg/ml and 51.04??15.0?pg/ml respectively. It can be offered also as percentage of INF-/IL-4?=?1.37 which is greater than those for single sore 0.9. These results indicated the immune response of multiple sores individuals is definitely higher than that with solitary sores. (Sharma and Singh 2009). illness is definitely transmitted to vulnerable mammalian hosts from the bite of a female sand take flight (subfamily Phlebotominae), most sand flies typically bite at dusk, but particular vector varieties in parts of South America preferentially feed during daylight hours instead (Bailey and Lockwood 2007). You will find over 20 varieties and subspecies of the genus that infect humans via the bite of sand flies. Sand flies of the varieties serve as the vector in the New World, while the varieties transmit illness in the Old World. They may be tiny sand coloured the female is definitely blood- feeding that breed in forest areas, caves and burrows in tropical and subtropical areas (Markle and Makhoul 2004). Relating to Marovt et al. (2010) the disease is definitely endemic in 88 countries, 21 are in the new world and 67 are in the older world. Probably one of the most common forms of the disease is definitely cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) that occurs most commonly (over 90?%) in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Peru and Brazil. CL is definitely a risk for individuals, including military staff, who travel to or live in areas of the tropics, subtropics, and Southern Europe where the disease is definitely endemic, as with the viserotropic syndrome caused by that was recognized among a number of American military staff especially during the aggression on Iraq in 1991 (Herwaldt 1999). In Iraq, two varieties are present: spp., which are managed in cycles between wild animals and sand flies. and possibly other varieties can be managed in dogs, increasing the risk of transmission to people. Additional domesticated animals PI-1840 might be involved as secondary maintenance hosts. and are adapted to humans, but animals can also be infected occasionally (WHO 2010). Interest has been shown in the study of immune mechanisms defense against numerous parasite infections (Roitt et al. 1998). Among these parasites is definitely infection is definitely cell mediated. The organism lies exclusively intracellular, primarily inside macrophages as replicating amastigote. The outcome of infection will depend on whether the sponsor mounts primarily a T-helper Th-1 or Th-2 response (Heinzel et al. 1989). Studies in animals suggest that the same parasite epitope can induce a Th-1 response in animals with resolving illness or a Th-2 response in others with disease progression (Reed and Scott 1993). The interplay between the sponsor determined delayed type hypersensitivity, antigen-specific T cell reactivity, and cytokine secretion, and the type and virulence of the particular infecting varieties determine what type of disease manifestation evolves in the sponsor. Some instances are believed to harbor organisms for indefinite periods before the disease is definitely expressed, suggesting latent illness (Dereure and Duong-Thanhb 2003). Parasites have also been recognized in lymph nodes after medical treatment (Sundar et al. 2002). The serum immunoglobulin PI-1840 E (IgE) and anti leishmanial IgE antibodies have been recorded in visceral leishmaniasis (Atta et al. 1998). IgE antibodies are produced in the Th-2 immune response and have been used in serodiagnosis and also as signals of the disease activity in toxoplasmosis, cerebral malaria, and visceral leishmaniasis. (Wong et al. 1993; Perlmann et al. 1994; Atta et al. 1998). Cutaneous forms of the disease normally produce pores and skin ulcers within the exposed parts of the body such as the face, arms and legs. The disease can produce a large number of lesions-sometimes up to 200 causing serious disability and invariable leaving the patient permanently frightened, a stigma which can cause serious sociable prejudice (WHO 2001). Due to large quantity of different human being instances of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq this study was performed. This study was targeted to compare.